Prevalence and Predictors of Perpetration of Cyberviolence Against a Dating Partner: A Cross-Cultural Study with Moroccan and Spanish Youth.

The rise in the levels of cyberviolence in adolescent couples has become a social, educational, and public health problem of enormous magnitude. This study analyzed the nature and dimensions of cyberviolence among adolescents and its association with other forms of offline violence by country of origin (Morocco or Spain) and gender. The objective of the study was to identify the predictors of the perpetration of cyberviolence against a dating partner. The predictor variables were five types of dating victimization (cyber, physical, sexual, emotional with a social impact, and emotional with an individual impact), history of violence, and parental monitoring knowledge. The sample consisted of Spanish (n = 802) and Moroccan students (n = 241) who had dated and attended secondary schools in southeastern Spain. Over half of the participants had perpetrated cyberviolence against their partners; the prevalence was higher among girls and Moroccan youth. Boys reported more physical victimization than girls. For all groups, the strongest predictor of cyberviolence perpetration was cyberviolence victimization. The influence of other forms of victimization, history of offline violence, and parental monitoring differed by the youth's country of origin and gender. The study reinforces the need for intersectional and cross-cultural analyses of online behaviors.

¿Influyen los valores hacia la pareja sobre la violencia sufrida en el noviazgo adolescente? / Do values towards the partner influence adolescent dating violence (ADV)?

Resumen La investigación sobre violencia en la pareja adolescente ha ido aumentando en los últimos años. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que profundizan sobre el papel de los valores culturales y preferencias asociadas a la pareja en la posibilidad de sufrir violencia. Esta investigación caracteriza los diferentes perfiles valorativos hacia la pareja adolescente y posteriormente analiza la influencia de estos sobre la victimización de violencia. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre violencia en la pareja adolescente y aspectos culturales asociados a 417 adolescentes españoles (15-21 años) que mantenían relaciones sentimentales activas desde los últimos 3 meses. Los celos y el control aparecen como las formas más extendidas de violencia y la violencia sexual es la única forma de violencia con diferencias atribuibles al género. El análisis de los valores asociados a la pareja muestra que las mujeres valoran más aspectos comunicativos en la pareja y los hombres de apariencia. Las mujeres prefieren, en mayor medida que los hombres, divertirse, ser libres y sentirse deseadas. Las diferencias valorativas se agruparon en tres perfiles o clusters relacionales: el tradicional-comunicativo, el hedonista-desapegado y el protector-dependiente. Finalmente, las pruebas de contraste negaron una influencia directa de los valores asociados a la pareja sobre la victimización de la violencia de pareja. El análisis de los valores asociados a la pareja aporta valiosa información sobre las transformaciones que se estan produciendo en las relaciones adolescentes, pero no mantiene relación directa con la violencia sufrida.

Abstract Research on intimate partner violence in the adolescent has been increasing in recent years. However, there are few studies that delve into the role of cultural values and preferences associated with the partner in the possibility of suffering violence. This research characterizes the different value profiles towards the adolescent partner and subsequently analyzes the influence of these on violence victimization. A questionnaire on intimate partner violence in the adolescent and associated cultural aspects was applied to 417 Spanish adolescents (15-21 years old) who had been in an active relationship for the last 3 months. Jealousy and control appear as the most widespread forms of violence and sexual violence is the only form of violence with differences attributable to gender. The analysis of the values associated with the couple shows that women value more communicative aspects in the couple and men value appearance. Women prefer, to a greater extent than men, to have fun, to be free and to feel desired. The valuational differences were grouped into three relational profiles or clusters: the traditional-communicative, the hedonistic-detached and the protective-dependent. Finally, contrast tests denied a direct influence of partner-associated values on intimate partner violence victimization. The analysis of the values associated with the couple provides valuable information on the transformations that are taking place in adolescent relationships, but does not maintain a direct relationship with the violence suffered.

Design and Validation of the Scale TDV-VP Teen Dating Violence: Victimisation and Perpetration [Violencia en Parejas Adolescentes: Victimización y Perpetración] for Spanish Speakers.

BACKGROUND: This study offers the design and validation of a scale for measuring violence in adolescent couples from the perspective of victimisation and perpetration for young Spanish speakers. METHOD: Validation study using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with online self-selected sampling and the participation of 422 subjects who met the requirements of being between 13 and 21 years old and currently or recently having a partner. RESULTS: A scale of victimisation in adolescent partner relationships was obtained with 25 items and a scale of violence perpetration with 22 items. Both scales presented five factors: psychological violence, verbal violence, control, jealousy, and sexual violence. Significant differences were found between men and women in victimisation and perpetration of sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: The Teen Dating Violence-Victimisation and Perpetration (TDV)-VP complies with the reliability and validity indices, constituting a very useful instrument for the detection and measurement of violence in Spanish-speaking adolescent couples in health-promotion work.

Hospitalization Experience of Muslim Migrants in Hospitals in Southern Spain-Communication, Relationship with Nurses and Culture. A Focused Ethnography.

The coast of southern Spain is one of the main entry points for Africans who want to reach Europe; in this area, there is an important immigrant community of African origin, mostly Muslims. The objective of this study is to describe and understand the hospitalization experience of Muslim migrants in public hospitals in southern Spain, especially their relationship with the nurses who care for them. Data were collected from May 2016 to June 2017. This study followed the principles associated with focused ethnography. During data collection, open interviews with 37 Muslim patients were conducted. Three themes emerged from the inductive data analysis: lack of communication with nurses, discriminatory experiences at the hospital and their experience of Islam in the hospital. We conclude that caring for Muslim patients requires specific training not only for nurses but also for other health professionals; existing communication problems must be addressed by establishing the role of the intercultural mediator as an idiomatic and cultural bridge between patients and nurses. In addition, hiring health professionals with migrant backgrounds would help convert hospitals into spaces for intercultural coexistence.

Adolescent Profiles according to Their Beliefs and Affinity to Sexting. A Cluster Study.

Sexting consists of sending, receiving, and distributing images of sexually suggestive content through electronic devices. This practice is one of the new ways of linking sex affectively through virtual environments, especially in adolescence. However, not all young people have the same relationship with the practice of sexting. This study of a sample of 603 Spanish and Moroccan adolescents residing in Andalusia analyzes beliefs towards sexting as part of a virtual sexuality and the perception of those who carry it out, defining profiles of affinity to sexting. The cluster analysis reveals the existence of three predominant profiles: adolescents who show a sexting-philia, perceiving it as a fun, flirty, and daring practice; sexting-phobes, who consider sexting to be characteristic of people, or attitudes, who are desperate, impolite, and conflicting; and a third ambivalent profile of people who appreciate the practice as something fun but conflicting. The majority discourse is one that presents a positive view of this phenomenon. Young people also recognize that sexting has some characteristics of virtual sexuality, such as a loss of privacy and a distance between virtual and real behavior. These findings allow us to deepen our understanding of the new practices of relationships and offer measures for the prevention of the associated risks.

Identification of Cultural and Transcultural Health Assets Among Moroccan, Romanian and Spanish Adolescents Through Photovoice.

The health assets model focuses on recognizing the strengths, capacities and resources of individuals and their communities to improve health control processes. This study focuses on identifying and comparing the transcultural and cultural assets in health as accounted for by 45 young Romanians, Moroccans and Spaniards living in southern Spain. The research uses a photovoice method to understand what young people consider to boost their health. Of all the photographs taken, each young person selected the six most relevant images, and individual interviews were carried out. Both images and interviews were analysed qualitatively using Atlas Ti. We identified 40 transcultural assets in health that were common among the 3 cultural groups and 7 cultural assets that were specific to cultural groups. The seven assets include religion and spirituality, cultural symbols, medicine, traditional food, thinness, freedom/autonomy and plants. The definition of transcultural and cultural health assets facilitates the development of educational health interventions that reinforce the strengths of others in a culturally sensitive manner.

A transcultural health education programme led by immigrant adolescents in Southern Spain.

Immigration to western countries is a relevant phenomenon that has been linked to health inequalities. One form of inequality is ethnocentrism in health programmes. Therefore, social innovations and a new transcultural approach have been developed to culturally adapt health education interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a double transcultural health intervention, the Leader Adolescents in Transcultural Health Education (LATES) Project, which is led by high school immigrant adolescents over elementary students of multicultural contexts in southeastern Spain. This double quasi-experimental study had experimental and control groups composed of secondary students (12 health cultural brokers with 36 controls) and elementary students (26 participant students and 26 controls). The LATES Project was delivered to two high schools and two elementary schools in Almeria (Spain). A mixed evaluation method was used. Six attitudinal scales were used pre- and post-intervention to collect the data. The quantitative evaluation was completed using qualitative techniques through in-depth interviews and focal groups. Four sociocultural gradients were identified pre-intervention: a positive rural gradient, a negative gender gradient except in traditional 'female' dimensions, a negative age gradient and a dual migrant gradient that combined the health migrant effect in some behaviours and westernization in others. Specifically, the Moroccan population demonstrated better attitudes towards eating and physical activity behaviours. After the intervention, the experimental groups showed more improvement than the controls. However, the attitudinal scale increment is modest compared with the knowledge and motivation improvements. This intervention, which used a transcultural approach, has benefited young Spaniards to a greater extent than immigrants, probably due to the worse initial health conditions of the Spanish.